INTRODUCTION. WHAT IS BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE? ATTITUDES AND ASSUMPTIONS. HISTORICAL NOTES ON ANIMAL RESEARCH AND ANTIVIVISECTION. LABORATORY ANIMAL ECOLOGY: THE NUMBERS PUZZLE. PAIN AND SUFFERING IN LABORATORY ANIMALS. THE USE OF ANIMALS IN EDUCATION: A FAILURE TO DEAL WITH CONTRADICTORY VALUES. PRIMATE RESEARCH: MONKEY PUZZLE OR CREATIVE SCIENCE. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH. THE POUND ANIMAL BATTLE. ANIMAL RESEARCH: AN ANIMAL WELFARE CASE FILE. A CASE FOR THE DEFENSE. TOXICOLOGY TESTING AND THE USE OF LABORATORY ANIMALS. THE LD50 TEST. THE DRAIZE TEST. CHRONIC TOXICITY TESTS. TOXICITY TESTING: PROPOSALS FROM AN ANIMAL WELFARE PERSPECTIVE. THE MORAL STATUS OF LABORATORY ANIMALS. ALTERNATIVES: A MEETING GROUND FOR SCIENCE AND ANIMAL WELFARE. SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FUTURE. AUTHORS ABSTRACT.