Introduction: understanding the history of brewing

Early Medieval brewing

Urbanization and the rise of commercial brewing

Hopped beer, Hanse towns, and the origins of the trade in beer

The spread of hopped beer brewing: the northern low countries

The spread of hopped beer brewing: the southern low countries, England, and Scandinavia

The mature industry: levels of production

The mature industry: levels of consumption

The mature industry: technology

The mature industry: capital investment and innovation

Types of beer and their international exchange

Taxes and protection

Guilds, brewery workers, and work in breweries

The decline of brewing.