1. Creating postsecondary access and opportunity for urban youth

State of affairs for urban youth in the United States

Salience of postsecondary education in 21st century

Urban youth in postsecondary institutions of higher education

Obstacles to postsecondary education

Conclusion

2. Response to the college access problem : VIP scholars- a social justice approach

College access programs

Upward Bound and GEAR UP

VIP scholars program

VIPS history and background

Guiding principles of the VIP scholars program

VIPS and social justice youth development and sociopolitical development

3. Mentorship and mentoring

Defining mentorship

Academic mentorship

Mentoring : social and emotional

Conclusion

4. The ripple effect : the influence of mentoring on mentors

Mentorship matters

Critical race theory

Improving community

From learning to leading

"Practicing what we preach"

Reflecting on mentorship

Conclusion

5. Community voices

Parent engagement

Saturday academy

Family day

Increase college knowledge and growing consciousness

Parent networks

Parents adopt new behaviors

Parents discuss VIP's impact on their children

6. University perspectives on the need for and impact of outreach programs

History of university

based outreach and enrichment programs

Challenges faced by university-based outreach and enrichment programs

The creation of VIP scholars

Recommendations for college and university stakeholders

Conclusion

7. Postsecondary pathways

National college matriculation

VIP scholars student outcomes

Alumni initiatives

STEM support initiatives

Early outreach : increasing program eligibility of black males

Local, state, and federal recommendations

8. Recommendations

Recommendations for policymakers

Recommendations for K-12 schools

Recommendations for institutions of higher education.