PART I: ARGUMENTS AND THEORIES: Introduction

Why civil society? Ethnic conflict and the existing traditions of inquiry

PART II: THE NATIONAL LEVEL: Competing national imaginations

Hindu-Muslim riots, 1950-1995: the national picture

PART III: LOCAL VARIATIONS: "ALIGARH AND CALICUT: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHEAVAGES": Aligarh and Calicut: civic life and its political foundations

Vicious and virtuous circles

"HYDERABAD AND LUCKNOW: ELITE INTEGRATION VERSUS MASS INTEGRATION": Gandhi and civil society

Decline of a civic order and communal violence

Endogeneity? Of causes and consequences

PART IV: CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic conflict, the state, and civil society

Appendix A: Questionnaire for the Project on Hindu-Muslim relations in India

Appendix B: Data entry protocol for the riot database

Appendix C: Regression results: Hindu-Muslim riots, 1950-1995.