1 Overview: The Ten Principles 1
Fox and Hedgehog: Many Things vs. One Thing 2
The Craft of Job Training 5
2 How Practitioners and Policymakers Improved the Job 7
Training World and What Challenges Lie Ahead
Part 1: Meeting Past Employment Challenges 8
Part 2: Meeting Today's Employment Challenges 14
Government Should Build on the Strengths of Low Income 21
3 Principle One The Unemployment Rate: A Strong Private 25
Economy Does Far More to Reduce Unemployment Than Any
First Truth: A Strong Private Economy Does Far More to Reduce 26
Unemployment Than Any Government Program
Second Truth: An Enormous Job Creation Goes On through Good 32
Third Truth: State and Local Governments Can Affect the State 34
4 Principle Two Job Training: Build on the Market Orientation 39
of Effective Job Training Programs to Build an Effective Job
Training System Part 1: How the Current Job Training
System Emerged over the 39
Part 2: Elements of Effective Job Training Programs 41
Part 3: Building an Effective Job Training System 45
Part 4: What Can We Expect of an Effective Job Training System? 51
Part 5: The Relation between Job Training and the Unemployment 54
5 Principle Three The Working Poor: A Big Part of the 59
Conventional Wisdom on the Working Poor Being in Dead
End Jobs is False but Not All
Part 1: Wage and Job Mobility 60
Part 2: Important Low Wage Workforces and the Limited 67
Wage/Skill Advancement within These Workforces
6 Principle Four Building Career Ladders for the Working Poor: 73
Designing Effective Career Ladders Requires Single- and
Multiemployer Skills Upgrading Career Ladders Span Sectors
and Take Several Forms 73
Part 1: Single-Employer Career Ladders 76
Designing Effective Single-Employer Career Ladders 85
Part 2: Multiemployer Career Ladders 86
Designing Effective Multiemployer Career Ladders 93
Part 3: The Agricultural Career Ladders That Didn't Develop 95
7 Principle Five Maintaining Career Ladders for the Working 105
Poor: Sustaining Effective Career Ladders Means Influencing
the Structure and Craft of Jobs Part 1: Linking Career
Ladders of the Workforce System with 106
Community Colleges and Joint Labor-Management Trust Funds
Part 2: Influencing the Structure of Jobs, not Just the Skills of 112
Part 3: The Professionalization of the Low Wage Workforce 119
8 Principle Six Welfare Reform: Build on the Success of Welfare 127
Reform with Targeted Post-Employment Strategies Part 1: How
the 1996 Welfare Reform Changed Welfare in 127
California Part 2: Designing Post-Employment
Services to Increase Job 133
Retention and Skills Economic Self-Sufficiency for
Welfare Recipients through 148
9 Principle Seven Workers with Disabilities: A New World of 151
Employment Exists for Workers with Disabilities Part 1: The
High Unemployment and SSI Use among Workers 152
with Disabilities Today Part 2: Designing
Employment Programs for Workers with 157
Part 3: The Role of Family and Friends in Inclusion 174
10 Principle Eight Technology Jobs: The Emerging 'New 179
Technician' Jobs Provide an Important Niche Training Market
Part 1: The Dot-Com Employment Boom and Bust 180
Part 2: The Future of Technology Jobs, Especially in Non-IT 185
Firms, and the Place of Technology Jobs as a Training Niche
11 Principle Nine Affinity Groups: The Best Antipoverty Efforts 197
are Ones That Go Beyond Government Programs Part 1: The Idea
Behind the Family Independence Initiative and 197
Its Nongovernmental Approach
Part 2: FII Identifies Four Affinity Groups Based on Ethnicity 199
Part 3: The Affinity Groups Pursue Different Economic Strategies 201
Part 4: Preliminary FII Impact 203
Part 5: FII in the Context of New Economic Self-Sufficiency 208
Initiatives Nationwide Part 6: Project Update How
FII Has Fared over the Past Two 213
12 Principle Ten Globalization: The Job Training Professional 217
Assumes a Greater Role in a World of Globalization,
Competition, and Outsourcing Globalization and
From Typewriter Repair to the New Economy 224
The Community of Practitioners 225
Appendix A: Heading a State Employment Service 229
Appendix B: The Employment Development Department 233
2.1 A Comparison of California and U.S. Teen Birth Rates Age 13
15-19 (per 1,000 females) and California's CalWORKs
Annual Average Monthly Caseload, 1991-2001
2.2 Ratio of Income of Families in 75th Percentile to Income of 17
Families in 25th Percentile, California and Rest of U.S.,
3.1 Unemployment Rate in California, 1971-2002 (%, annual by 27
3.2 Unemployment Rates by Education Level (%, men and women 29
3.3 Real Hourly Wages of Men Age 16 and Over (2001$) 29
3.4 Poverty Rates for Californians by Race, 1991-2001 31
3.5 California Job Creation and Destruction by Quarter, 1999-2001 32
And California Monthly Unemployment Rates, January 35
5.1 Share of 1988 Workers Who Left Their Initial Industry by 2000 63
5.2 Certified Nurse Assistant Employee Retention Rates 69
5.3 Certified Nurse Assistant Licensing Survival Rate (1995-2001) 69
6.1 Some of the Career Ladder Pathways in the Kaiser Permanente 78
6.2 Part of a Hotel Job Structure, Showing Numerous Mobility Paths 82
and Approximate Salary Ranges
7.1 Five Steps in Forming New Intermediate Job Categories Between 114
8.1 AFDC/CalWORKs Program Monthly Caseload and State 128
Unemployment Rate (July 1974-July 2005)
8.2 One-Parent Leavers: Percentage on Cash Aid by Month from Exit 130
9.1 Trends in Employment among Working Age Men and Women 153
with Work Limitation-Based Disabilities
9.2 Employment Rates for Workers with Disabilities, 1980-2000 (%) 155
9.3 SSI Caseloads by Age Group, 1974-2001 157
9.4 Disability Benefit Rolls and Employment Rates among 158
Working-Age Men and Women with Disabilities
10.1 Monthly Unemployment Rates in California and the Santa Clara 183
and San Francisco MSAs, Jan 97-Feb 2003 (%)
10.2 The Los Angeles Regional IT Career Ladder System 192
11.1 Income, Net Worth, and Savings Increases for FII Participants 204-206
for the 12-18 Months Following Program Enrollment
5.1 Absolute and Relative Mobility for a Sample of California 61
5.2 Earnings Distribution of California Workers in Each Industry by 62
5.3 Real Earnings Growth for Industry-Stayers and Industry-Leavers, 64
6.1 Results of Career Ladders for Lower Wage Workers Sponsored 80
by Kaiser Permanente and the Shirley Ware Education Center
6.2 Seven Cases of Worker Advancement for Individual Trainees 84
Who Completed Rim Hospitality's Career Ladder Training
6.3 CNA to LVN Career Ladders 89
6.4 HERE Unions' Pilot Career Ladder Projects, 2002 91
6.5 HERE Career Ladders for Workers Reduced to Part-Time Status, 92
6.6 The Craft of Farmwork: Skills in Pruning Table Grapes 98
6.7 FIELD's Career Ladder Training for Farmworkers, 2002-2003 99
7.1 Purposes and Results of CAHF Skills Upgrading 116
8.1 Family Earnings and Employment of CalWORKs Leavers from 131
8.2 Riverside Employment Retention and Advancement Project: 145
Impacts on Quarter 3 Earnings, Employment, TANF, and Food
Stamps among Those Randomly Assigned, January-June 2002
9.1 Department of Rehabilitation "Jobs for All" Consumers, May 161
10.1 Employment at Selected Silicon Valley Technology Firms, 184
10.2 Technology Employment in California, 2002 and 2010 (projected) 186
10.3 Selected Technology Jobs in California, 2002 and 2010 (projected) 189
11.1 The Economic Value of Social Capital: How an FII Family 209
Achieves Savings with Official Income Below the Self-
Sufficiency Standard (all columns in$)
B.1 State Free Employment Bureau Los Angeles (1920s) 235
B.2 First UI checks issued by California governor Frank Merriam 236
B.3 Unemployment Insurance/Job Service (1948) 237
B.4 EDD representative with grower Coachilla Valley (1950s) 238
B.5 EDD staff at their trailer office 239.
