Machine generated contents note: 1. Definition, History, Discipline --
1.1. Definition of Environmental Engineering --
1.2. History and Development of Environmental Engineering --
1.3. From Environmental Chemistry and Technology to Environmental Engineering: Understanding and Diversifying Anthropogenic Environmental Influences --
1.3.1. Meaning of Pollutant Degradation --
1.3.2. Substances and Their Sources --
1.3.3. Transport and Chemical Alteration of Environmental Chemicals --
1.3.4. Reactions and Effects --
1.3.5. Examples of Lipophilic Behavior, Accumulation and Toxicity: Kinds and Reasons of Effects Caused by Organotin Compounds --
1.3.6. The Term "Heavy Metals" and Its (Purported) Chemical and Toxicological Ramifications --
1.4. How to Determine Environmental Pollution --
1.4.1. From Methods of Trace Analysis up to Understanding the Underlying Processes --
1.4.1.1. Inorganic and Organic Compounds --
1.4.1.2. Speciation and Concentration --
1.4.1.3. Quality Control of Analysis --
1.4.1.4. Accreditation of Laboratories --
1.4.2. Physical Methods in Chemical and Environmental Analysis, Modeling Ecosystems and the Role of Ecotoxicology in Integrative Environmental Sciences --
1.4.2.1. Analytical Chemistry --
1.4.2.2. Geographical Information Systems --
1.4.2.3. Biotest-Biological and Ecotoxicological Implications --
1.4.2.4. Locating Soil Pollution Sites by Geoelectric and Other Means --
1.5. Biological System of the Elements --
1.5.3. Bioavailability --
1.6. Information and Communication --
1.6.1. What Is This Thing Called Information? --
1.6.2. Information Processing and Communication-The Ratio and Relationship between Subjective and Objective Factors in Processes of Recognition --
1.6.3. Ways of Producing Knowledge Established in Natural Sciences Lead Us Back to Accepting and Integrating Plurality of Views and Opinions --
1.6.4. Examples from Environmental Research --
1.6.5. Performance of Brain and Modern Computers; a Comparison-Artificial Intelligence and the Internet --
1.6.6. Emotional Intelligence --
1.6.7. How to Shape Dialogic Education Processes (DEP) as a Future Principle of Communication --
1.7. Ethical Aspects for Society --
1.7.1. A Market-Based Economy --
1.7.2. Democracy and Its Limitations --
1.7.3. Protocol for the Future: Grow along with Your Challenges --
1.7.3.1. Thoughts on the Future --
1.7.3.2. International Quality Ends --
1.7.3.3. Learn How to Learn --
1.7.3.4. Transborder and International Regions of Education --
1.7.3.5. Think Tanks Can Be Sites and Means of Smart Conflict Handling and Identify Integrative Solutions for Problems of Society --
1.7.3.6. How Much Time Is Left for Solutions Taking Care of and Integrating the Present Problems? --
2. The Compartments of the Environment-Structure, Function and Chemistry --
2.1. The Three Environmental Compartments and Their Mutual Interactions: Lessons for Environmental Situation Analysis and Technologies to be Learned from Comparative Planetology --
2.2. Properties of Earth's Environmental Compartments and Resulting Options to Clean Them --
2.2.1.1. The Reactor Concept Applied to the Atmosphere --
2.2.1.2. Structure and Layers of the Atmosphere --
2.2.1.3. The Atmosphere Acting as a Reactor: the Specific Role(s) of Highly Reactive Species --
2.2.1.4. Chemical Peculiarities: Acidic and/or Hydrophilic Gases in the Atmosphere --
2.2.1.5. Air is a Multiphase System --
2.2.1.6. Catalytic Processes in the Atmosphere --
2.2.1.7. Chemical Reactivity, Growth and Removal (Precipitation) of Particles from Atmosphere --
2.2.1.8. Conclusions Concerning Air Quality Integrity --
2.2.2. Water (Fresh-, Marine-, Groundwater) --
2.2.2.1. Water as a Medium: Density, Optical and Thermal Properties, and Effects thereof on Biological Processes --
2.2.2.2. Chemical Properties and Their Variation --
2.2.2.3. Water as a Multiphase System --
2.2.2.4. Freshwater, Seawater, Osmotic Pressure, Redox States and Biology --
2.2.2.5. Non-Equilibria among Different Water Layers Can Promote Chemistry, Biological Processes and Deposition of Materials --
2.2.2.6. Biogeochemical Cycles in Water, Stoichiometric Ecology and the Design of Sewage Treatment Plants Making Use of Biotechnology --
2.2.3. Soils and Sediments --
2.2.3.1. Soil as a Multiphase System --
2.2.3.2. Important Chemical Features of Soils --
2.2.3.3. Soil as a Bioreactor --
2.2.3.4. Gradients Do Form in Soils --
2.2.3.5. Perturbations of Soil Development --
2.2.3.6. Implications for Soil Sanitation --
2.3. A Comparison among Environmental Compartments: Phase Composition, Miscibility toward Key Reactants and Contaminants, Transparency and Biological Activity --
3. Innovative Technologies --
3.1. Criteria for Innovation --
3.1.2. National and International Jurisdiction --
3.1.3. Cost/Benefit Calculations --
3.2. Examples of Innovative Environmental Technologies --
3.2.1. Precipitation, Adsorption and Immobilization --
3.2.1.1. Precipitation --
3.2.1.3. Immobilization --
3.2.2. Redox Potentials, Pourbaix Diagrams and Speciation --
3.2.3. Reaction Kinetics and Hammett Equation --
3.2.3.1. When Can Charge Density Patterns Control Kinetics of Entire (Larger) Molecules? --
3.2.3.2. Chemical Properties of Aromatic Compounds --
3.2.3.3. Kinetic Modeling of Reactions at Non-aromatic Unsaturated Hydrocarbons by the Taft Equation --
3.2.3.4. Partition of Volatile Aromatics and Their Respective Oxidation Kinetics between Air and Water: Practical Examples from Environmental Chemistry --
3.2.4. Activation Barriers versus Catalysis --
3.2.4.1. Reaction Kinetics and Mutual Repulsion among Molecules --
3.2.4.2. Kinetics, Catalysis, Equilibrium --
3.2.4.3. Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Catalysis --
3.2.5. Throughflow Equilibria and How to Run a Process --
3.2.5.1. Equilibrium, Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Kinetics --
3.2.5.2. From Equilibrium Thermodynamics into Flow Systems: Which Are the Effects by Adding and Removing Substances Steadily? --
3.2.5.3. Nonlinear Chemical Kinetics Can Occur in Throughflow Systems --
3.2.5.4. Flow Equilibria in Biology: The Blueprint and Precondition for Biomimetic Processes --
3.2.5.5. The Hard Way into Flow Equilibrium --
4.1.1. Bioindication and Biomonitoring --
4.1.1.3. Using Plants as Bioindicators/Biomonitors --
4.1.1.4. Comparision of Instrumental Measurements and the Use of Bioindicators with Respect to Harmonization and Quality Control --
4.1.1.5. Examples of Bioindication/Biomonitoring: Controlling the Atmospheric Deposition of Chemical Elements by Using Mosses and Spanish "Moss" (Tillandsia usneoides) --
4.1.1.6. Conclusion/Outlook: Construction of a Setup for Preventive Healthcare --
4.1.2.2. Applicable Principles and Technical Solutions --
4.1.2.3. A Practical Example --
4.1.2.4. CO2-based Radiative Forcing versus Other Sources and Distributions of Waste Heat: What about Nuclear Energy? --
4.2. Soils and Sediments --
4.2.1. Phytoremediation --
4.2.1.2. Purposes of Mitigation of Noxious Effects --
4.2.1.3. The Use of Certain Plants and Trees to Clean up Soil --
4.2.1.4. The Efficacy of Bioremediation Has Been Determined Chemically --
4.2.2. Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid-Its Chemical Properties, Persistence, Ecological Hazards and Methods of Removal --
4.2.2.2. Fields and Amounts of EDTA Application --
4.2.2.3. The Compound and Its Properties: Why a Complexing Agent Makes Trouble --
4.2.2.4. Principles of Action (Pathways of EDTA Degradation) and Technical Remediation: A Survey of Chances and Obstacles --
4.2.2.5. Practical Experience --
4.3.1.2. Principles of Action and Practical Solutions --
4.3.2. Pharmaceuticals in the Environment-Special Emphasis on Diclofenac (Voltaren["!)-An Analgetic Agent with Difficult and Interesting
4.3.2.2. Toxicological Effects to Animals --
4.3.2.3. Novel Methods of Removing Diclofenac --
4.4. Energy-One of the Biggest Challenges of the Twenty-first Century. The Need for Renewable Energy --
4.4.1.1. Energy Depletion of Fossil Fuels --
4.4.1.2. Climate Protection --
4.4.1.3. The Role of Nuclear Power --
4.4.2. Rethinking to the Way for Ecological Economics --
4.4.2.1. Global View of Renewable Energy --
4.4.2.2. Renewable Energy in Germany and the Planned Nuclear Exit --
4.4.2.3. The Growth Region Ems Axis, Lower Saxony (Northwestern Germany) --
