pt. 1 The moral reality of war: 1. Against "realism": The realist argument: The Melian dialogue. Strategy and morality. Historical relativism: Three accounts of Agincourt ; 2. The crime of war: The logic of war: The argument of Karl von Clausewitz. The limit of consent. The tyranny of war: General Sherman and the burning of Atlanta ; 3. The rules of war: The moral equality of soldiers: The case of Hitler's generals. Two sorts of rules. The war convention: The example of surrender

pt. 2. The theory of aggression: 4. Law and order in international society: Aggression. The rights of political communities: The case of Alsace-Lorraine. The legalist paradigm. Unavoidable catagories: Karl Marx and the Franco-Prussian War. The argument for appeasement: Czechoslovakia and the Munich principle; Finland ; 5. Anticipations: Preventive war and the balance of power: The War of the Spanish Succession. Pre-emptive strikes: The Six Day War. 6. Interventions: Self-determination and self-help: The argument of John Stuart Mill. Secession: The Hungarian Revolution. Civil War: The American war in Vietnam. Humanitarian intervention: Cuba, 1898, and Bangladesh, 1971. 7. War's ends, and the imporatnce of winning: unconditional surrender: Allied policy in World War II. Justice in settlements: The Korean War

pt. 3. The war convention: 8. War's means, and the importance of fighting well: Utility and proportionality: The argument of Henry Sidgwick. Human rights: The rape of the Italian women ; 9. Noncombatant immunity and military necessity: The status of indivisuals: naked soldiers. The nature of nessessity (1): Submarine warfare : the Laconia affair. Double effect: Bombardment in Korea; The bombing of Occupied France and the Vemork Raid ; 10. War against civilians : sieges and blockades: Coercion and responsibility: The Siege of Jerusalem, 72 A.D. The right to leave: The Siege of Leningrad. Taking aim and the doctrine of double effect: The British blockade of Germany ; 11. Guerrilla war: Resistance to military occupation: A Partisan attack. The rights of guerrilla fighters. The rights of civilian supporters: The American "rules of engagement" in Vietnam ; 12. Terrorism: The political code: The Russian Populists, the IRA, and the Stern Gang; The Vietcong assassination campaign. Violence and liberation: Jean-Paul Sartre and the Battle of Algiers ; 13. Reprisals: Deterrence without retribution: The FFI prisoners at Annecy. The problem of peacetime reprisals: The attack on Khibye and the Beirut Raid

pt. 4. Dilemmas of war: 14. Winning and fighting well: "Asinine ethics": Chairman Mao and the Battle of the River Hung. The sliding scale and the argument from extremity ; 15. Aggression and neutrality: The right to be neutral. The nature of necessity (2): The rape of Belgium. The sliding scale: Winston Churchill and Norwegian neurality ; 16. Supreme emergency: The nature of necessity (3). Overriding the rules of war: The decision to bomb German cities. The limits of calculation: Hiroshima ; 17. Nuclear deterrence: The problem of immoral threats. Limited nuclear war: The argument of Paul Ramsey

pt. 5. The question of responsibility: 18. The crime of aggression : political leaders and citizens: The world of officials: Nuremberg : "The ministries case". Democratic responsibilities: The American people and thew Vietnam War ; 19. War crimes : soldiers and their officers: In the heat of battle: Two accounts of killing prisoners. Superior orders: The My Lai Massacre. Command responsibility: General Bradley and the bombing of St. Lô; The case of General Yamashita. The case of necessity (4): The dishonoring of Arthur Harris. Conclusion.