Mesopotamia and related areas. Prehistoric (10,000-3500) and protohistoric (3500-2900) periods ; Early dynastic period (2900-2371) ; Old Akkadian (2371-2230) and post-Akkadian (2230-2112) periods ; New Sumerian period (2112-2004) ; Old Babylonian period (2004-1595) ; Middle Babylonian period (1595-626) ; Hittites ; Assyrians ; New Babylonian period (626-539) ; Persian period (539-330)

Egypt and related areas. Prehistoric (10,000-4500) and predynastic (4500-3100) periods ; Early dynastic period, first and second dynasties (3100-2686) ; Old kingdom, third to sixth dynasties (2686-2181) ; First intermediate period, seventh to tenth dynasties (2181-2040) ; Middle kingdom, eleventh and twelfth dynasties (2133-1786) ; Second intermediate period, thirteenth to seventeenth dynasties (1786-1552) ; New kingdom, eighteenth dynasty (1552-1306) ; New kingdom, nineteenth and twentieth dynasties (1306-1070) ; Third intermediate period, twenty-first to twenty-fourth dynasties (1069-715) ; Late dynastic period, twenty-fifth to thirty-first dynasties (716-332).