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2) Playing nice and losing: the struggle for control of women's intercollegiate athletics, 1960-2000
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"For nearly a century, women physical educators kept an iron-fist control of women's intercollegiate athletics within the "sex-separate" spheres of college campuses and under an educational model of competition. According to the author, Ying Wushanley, that control began to loosen significantly when Congress passed Title IX of the Education Amendments in 1972. Title IX meant greater opportunities for women in educational activities, including intercollegiate...
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Far from being strictly a men's sport, baseball has long been enjoyed and played by Americans of all genders, races, and classes since it became popular in the 1830s. The game itself was invented by English girls and boys, and when it immigrated to the United States, numerous prominent women's colleges formed intramural teams and fielded intensely spirited and powerful players. Jennifer Ring questions the forces that have kept girls who want to play...
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When Congress passed Title IX of the Civil Rights Act in 1972, they seemed to be doing something laudable and also long overdue-prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex in America's schools. But thirty years later, a law designed to guarantee equal opportunity has become the most explicit, government-enforced quota regime in America, putting boys and men on the losing side of a battle for athletic and educational opportunity. Jessica Gavora...
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In 1972, Title IX was established, a civil rights act that prohibits gender discrimination at any school that receives federal funds. In this program filmed in 1997, Elizabeth Brackett, of WTTW in Chicago, goes to Indiana University-alma mater of Olympic diving medalists Lesley Bush and Cynthia Potter-to investigate higher education's Title IX track record in the area of sports. The IU administration is working diligently to meet Title IX conditions...
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"Female Gladiators is the first book to examine legal and social battles over the right of women to participate with men in contact sport." "The impetus to begin legal proceedings was the 1972 enactment of Title IX, which prohibited discrimination in educational settings, but it was the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution and the equal rights amendments of state constitutions that ultimately opened doors. Despite court rulings, however,...
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"From high-profile women's professional leagues to high-school-level champions, girl athletes are achieving record breakthroughs. Female athletes are especially beloved of today's teenage girls, who are almost as likely to have pictures of Rebecca Lobo, Mia Hamm, or Gabrielle Reece on their walls as posters of Leonardo DiCaprio. It seems almost paradoxical, then, that in this age of strong female role models, so many books and studies describe the...
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A hard-hitting look at the persistent inequities in women's sports participation. Michael Messner argues that despite profound changes, the world of sport largely retains and continues its longtime conservative role in gender relations.
In the past, when sport simply excluded girls, the equation of males with active athletic power and of females with weakness and passivity seemed to come easily, almost naturally. Now, however, with girls' and women's...
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"In 1968, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) implemented sex testing for female athletes at that year's Games. When it became clear that testing regimes failed to delineate a sex divide, the IOC began to test for gender --a shift that allowed the organization to control the very idea of womanhood. Lindsay Parks Pieper explores sex testing in sport from the 1930s to the early 2000s. Focusing on assumptions and goals as well as means, Pieper...
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"In this forcefully argued book, Eileen McDonagh and Laura Pappano show in vivid detail how women have been unfairly excluded from participating in sports on an equal footing with men. Using powerful examples from the world of contemporary American athletics - girls and women trying to break through in football, ice hockey, wrestling, and baseball to name just a few - the authors show that sex differences are not sufficient to warrant women's coercive...
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Contrary to rumors on campus and in the local press, Cynthia Pemberton did not set out in 1992 to destroy the long-honored football team of Linfield College, a small liberal arts school in Oregon. Instead, the Assistant Athletic Director for Women's Sports wanted to make athletic opportunities equally available to both women and men-simply to make the college comply with the law. Her six-year crusade for full implementation of Title IX made headlines...
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It happens at the start of every November: the Scorpio Races. Riders attempt to keep hold of their water horses long enough to make it to the finish line. Some riders live. Others die. At age nineteen, Sean Kendrick is the returning champion. He is a young man of few words, and if he has any fears, he keeps them buried deep, where no one else can see them. Puck Connolly is different. She never meant to ride in the Scorpio Races. But fate hasn't given...
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