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Description
Before modern medicine, many mothers and their babies did not survive pregnancy and childbirth. Today, good prenatal care can significantly improve the quality of the pregnancy and the outcome for the baby and mother. Good prenatal care includes good nutrition and health habits before and during pregnancy, frequent prenatal exams, routine ultrasounds to detect problems with the baby, and routine screenings. The goals of prenatal care are to monitor...
Description
Twins are rare, occurring in about 1 percent of all pregnancies. Of that number, 30 percent are identical twins. The other 70 percent are nonidentical, or fraternal, twins. A single baby, identical twins, and fraternal twins differ from one another in their development. With a single baby, when fertilization occurs the egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell to form a zygote. Over the next few days, the fertilized egg cell divides repeatedly...
Description
From the earliest stages, a growing embryo requires nutrition, oxygen, and a disposal system for metabolic wastes and a way to prevent some harmful substances from getting into its blood stream. These requirements are met by the placenta and its blood barrier. Around day 8 of development the blastocyst, a hollow ball of cells, moves into the uterus. The blastocyst's outer layer begins to extend and it implants in the uterine lining, seeking uterine...
Description
Latest research shows that from 70,000 to 80,000 women die each year as a direct cause of preeclampsia which is a life-threatening condition that occurs during pregnancy. The condition is characterized by high blood pressure (hypertension) and elevated protein in the urine leading to restricted blood supply to the fetus. Everything we know about this condition suggests women do not become sick and present with preeclampsia until late in pregnancy,...
Description
Male reproductive components are the testes, urethra, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis. The testes are made up of seminiferous tubules, coiled structures where sperm production occurs. Sperm migrate to the epididymis, on top of the seminiferous tubules, where they mature and are stored. When the penis fills with blood and becomes erect, with sufficient stimulation an ejaculatory process begins. The mature sperm travel from the epididymis...
Description
Key female reproductive organs are the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and vagina. The ovary contains developing eggs called oocytes. At birth, all the eggs that a female will produce are inside the ovaries in an undeveloped form. Approximately once a month starting around age 12, hormonal messages from the brain cause an egg to develop in the ovaries. Several hormones regulate the reproductive cycle. These include estrogen, progesterone, FSH (follicle-stimulating...
7) Vasectomy
Description
A vasectomy is a procedure to cause permanent sterility in a man by preventing the transport of sperm out of the testes. A small incision is made in the scrotum and each vas deferens is tied off and cut apart to prevent sperm from being released within the ejaculate. The small skin incision is stitched closed and the surgery does not affect a man's sexual function.
Description
Key female reproductive organs are the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and vagina. The ovary contains developing eggs called oocytes. At birth, all the eggs that a female will produce are inside the ovaries in an undeveloped form. Approximately once a month starting around age twelve, hormonal messages from the brain cause an egg to develop in the ovaries. Several hormones regulate the reproductive cycle. These include estrogen, progesterone, FSH...
9) Conception
Description
During intercourse, sperm are released into the vagina near the cervix, swim through the uterus, and travel up the fallopian tubes. Sperm are composed of three parts: a head, a middle section, and a tail. The tail propels the sperm, which is powered by energy cells stored in the middle section. The head of the sperm contains the man's genetic material and an enzyme-filled cap needed to help the sperm penetrate through the outer membrane of the egg....
Description
A baby's gender is determined at the time of conception when a sperm cell containing either an X or a Y chromosome fertilizes an egg cell. An X from the father means the baby will be a girl, and a Y means it will be a boy. Although the fetus' sex is determined at conception, the external sexual organs do not develop until month 4 of pregnancy. At week 7 after conception the fetus appears sexually neutral, looking neither male nor female. Over the...
Description
A 21st-century remake of Miracle of Life, one of the most popular NOVA episodes of all time, this program uses high-tech methods to tell the inside-the-womb story of human life, from conception to birth. As in the original film, the program features the extraordinary work of Swedish photographer Lennart Nilsson-who improves on his earlier vision with sophisticated microscopy and high-tech medical imaging to reveal every hidden milestone in a baby's...
14) Pregnancy
Description
A pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks, usually divided into three parts called trimesters. During the first trimester, hormonal changes in the body can affect the pregnant woman's emotions, the breasts became enlarged and tender, and morning sickness may occur. At the end of the first trimester, the fetus is about pinky-finger size, and nearly all its internal organs start to develop. During the second trimester, nausea eases up and may be replaced by...
Description
An estimated 4 million babies are born in the United States each year, and many mothers have specific hopes for how their labor should go. We meet Anna Sproul-Latimer, who shares the story of her high-risk pregnancy and the choices she made for the birth of her son. We answer whether preeclampsia is cured during delivery and outline five things to know when considering different delivery options.
Description
This program provides an explanation of how the twin techniques of gene splicing and cloning are helping to unravel the secrets of variation. Genetic engineering is altering the branching pattern of natural evolution-which proceeds by mutations within a species and sexual recombination within that species-into a network, in which genes are moved within the laboratory from any species to any other species. The program explains the irreversible and...
18) Genetic testing
Description
This program from The Doctor Is In demonstrates amniocentesis and ultrasound; outlines the advantages of knowing in advance that certain medical procedures are required to save a newborn, and the burden on parents of having to decide whether to terminate a pregnancy; and shows the advantages of avoiding cigarettes and alcohol during pregnancy.
Description
This program presents a brief history of genetic science, from Darwin's theory of evolution through the discovery of DNA and the invention of gene splicing. Darwin hypothesized a theory, but understood nothing of the mechanism of evolution. The program follows the history of scientific understanding of the nucleus, chromosomes, and the location of hereditary information; explains the work of Gregor Mendel and Thomas Hunt Morgan; and features exclusive...
Description
1. Lab of the Future: Sequencing the human genome has transformed biology, turning it into an information science in which computing power is the key tool. This segment shows how the new computer-driven genetics has begun to unlock the secret of life. 2. Array of Life: It took scientists decades to learn how to sequence the human genome. Now it is being done every day in labs across the country--thanks to a groundbreaking research method. This report...
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