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This book is concerned with the question of whether there is a philosopically satisfactory rebuttal of scepticism. The hope of providing such a rebuttal is seen as depending upon our achieving a clear conception of the sceptical argument and of the philosophical context in which it is constructed. Marie McGinn argues that the argument is unanswerable, and that the sceptical conclusion is both beyond belief and in outright conflict with ordinary practice....
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How can Christianity remain a credible faith in our current era of scepticism? Reviving the debates begun by John Robinson and his seminal book Honest to God over half a century ago, Sceptical Christianity considers the main reasons behind people's religious scepticism and posits the question: What can be plausibly believed today? Reiss revisits some of the key aspects of Christianity to show how they can be thought of in the best tradition of sceptical...
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An outstanding introduction to the problems of philosophy by two eminent philosophers in a lucid, informal, & very accessible discussion of Western thought. Annotation. Casting skepticism in a central role, this history of Western philosophy looks at the efforts of major thinkers seeking to overcome skeptical challenges. The role of skepticism in producing new theoretical positions is explicated, and the influence of contemporary skeptics examined....
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"This book presents and analyzes the most important arguments in the history of Western philosophy's skeptical tradition. It demonstrates that, although powerful, these arguments are quite limited and fail to prove their core assertion that knowledge is beyond our reach." "It dissects the problems of realism and the philosophical doubts about the accuracy of the senses. It explores the ancient argument against a criterion of knowledge, Descartes'...
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How do you know the world around you isn't just an elaborate dream, or the creation of an evil neuroscientist? If all you have to go on are various lights, sounds, smells, tastes and tickles, how can you know what the world is really like, or even whether there is a world beyond your own mind? Questions like these -- familiar from science fiction and dorm room debates -- lie at the core of venerable philosophical arguments for radical skepticism:...
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Outlines of Scepticism, by the Greek philosopher Sextus Empiricus, is a work of major importance for the history of Greek philosophy. Its first part contains an elaborate exposition of the Pyrrhonian variety of Scepticism; its second and third parts are critical and destructive, arguing against 'dogmatism' in logic, epistemology, science and ethics. The Outlines is the fullest extant account of ancient Scepticism, and it is also one of our most copious...
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In Scepticism and Animal Faith, Santayana analyzes the nature of the knowing process and demonstrates by means of clear, powerful arguments how we know and what validates our knowledge. The central concept of his philosophy is found in a careful discrimination between the awareness of objects independent of our perception and the awareness of essences attributed to objects by our mind, or between what Santayana calls the realm of existents and the...
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"Walking in the footsteps of Plato and Descartes, Timothy Chappell recognizes that 'the fortress of my certainty about my own existence becomes the prison of my uncertainty about the existence of a world beyond me'. Using this insight as a springboard, Chappell launches into an exploration of a series of intellectual dilemmas that are the very stuff of philosophy: how can we know things outside ourselves? What basis is there for altruistic behaviour?...
13) The last word
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If there is such a thing as reason, it has to be universal. Reason must reflect objective principles whose validity is independent of our point of view - principles that anyone with enough intelligence ought to be able to recognize as correct. But this universality of reason is what relativists and subjectivists deny in ever-increasing numbers. And such subjectivism is not just an inconsequential intellectual flourish or badge of theoretical chic....
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The Outlines of Pyrrhonism, by the 2nd century A.D. Greek physician Sextus Empiricus was immensely influential in the history of Western philosophy. The rediscovery and publication of this work in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led directly to the skepticism of Montaigne, Gassendi, Bayle, Descartes, Berkeley, Hume, and others, and eventually to the preoccupation of modern philosophy with attempts to refute or otherwise combat philosophical...
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How should we react to philosophical skepticism? Jeffrey P. Whitman answers this question in The Power and Value of Philosophical Skepticism by examining analytic and post-analytic responses to the problem of skepticism concerning our knowledge of the external world. Whitman analyzes skeptical arguments that call into question our ability to obtain empirical knowledge. He tests analytical theories of knowledge (foundationalism, coherentalism, and...
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